I didn't get that sense from the prose; it didn't have the usual LLM hallmarks to me, though I'm not enough of an expert in the space to pick up on inaccuracies/hallucinations.
The "TRAINING" visualization does seem synthetic though, the graph is a bit too "perfect" and it's odd that the generated names don't update for every step.
I read through this entire article. There was some value in it, but I found it to be very "draw the rest of the owl". It read like introductions to conceptual elements or even proper segues had been edited out. That said, I appreciated the interactive components.
"The MLP (multilayer perceptron) is a two-layer feed-forward network: project up to 64 dimensions, apply ReLU (zero out negatives), project back to 16"
Which starts to feel pretty owly indeed.
I think the whole thing could be expanded to cover some more of it in greater depth.
It says its tailored for beginners, but I don't know what kind of beginner can parse multiple paragraphs like this:
"How wrong was the prediction? We need a single number that captures "the model thought the correct answer was unlikely." If the model assigns probability 0.9 to the correct next token, the loss is low (0.1). If it assigns probability 0.01, the loss is high (4.6). The formula is
−
log
(
�
)
−log(p) where
�
p is the probability the model assigned to the correct token. This is called cross-entropy loss."
Is it becoming a thing to misspell and add grammatical mistakes on purpose to show that an LLM didn't write the blog post? I noticed several spelling mistakes in Karpathy's blog post that this article is based on and in this article.
The part that eludes me is how you get from this to the capability to debug arbitrary coding problems. How does statistical inference become reasoning?
For a long time, it seemed the answer was it doesn't. But now, using Claude code daily, it seems it does.
IMO your question is the largest unknown in the ML research field (neural net interpretability is a related area), but the most basic explanation is
"if we can always accurately guess the next 'correct' word, then we will always answer questions correctly".
An enormous amount of research+eng work (most of the work of frontier labs) is being poured into making that 'correct' modifier happen, rather than just predicting the next token from 'the internet' (naive original training corpus). This work takes the form of improved training data (e.g. expert annotations), human-feedback finetuning (e.g. RLHF), and most recently reinforcement learning (e.g. RLVR, meaning RL with verifiable rewards), where the model is trained to find the correct answer to a problem without 'token-level guidance'. RL for LLMs is a very hot research area and very tricky to solve correctly.
Because it's not statistical inference on words or characters but rather stacked layers of statistical inference on ~arbitrarily complex semantic concepts which is then performed recursively.
This answer makes sense if you know that LLMs have layers, if you don't this answer is not super informative.
If I were to describe this to a nontechnical person, I would say:
LLMs are big stacks of layers of "understanders" that each teach the next guy something.
Imagine you are making a large language model that has 4 layers. Each layer will talk to it's immediate neighbor.
The first layer will get the bare minimum, in the LLM's of today, that's groups of letters that are common to come up together, called "tokens". This layer will try to derive a bit of meaning to tell the next layer, such as grouping of letters into words.
The next layer may be a little bit more semantic, for example interpreting that the word "hot" immediately followed by the word "dog" maps to a phrase "hot dog".
The layer after that, becoming a bit more intelligent given it's predecessors have already had some chances at smaller interpretations may now try to group words into bigger blobs, such as "i want a hot dog" as one combined phrase rather than a set of separated concepts.
The final layer may do something even more intelligent afterward, like realize that this is a quote in a book.
The point is that each layer tries to add a little meaning for the next layer.
I want to stress this: the layers do not actually correspond to specific concepts the way I just expressed, the point is that each layer adds a bit more "semantic meaning" for the next layer.
Hey, I am able to see kamon, karai, anna, and anton in the dataset, it'd be worth using some other names: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karpathy/makemore/988aa59/...
In 3 days they've covered machine learning, geometry, cryptography, file formats and directory services.
The "TRAINING" visualization does seem synthetic though, the graph is a bit too "perfect" and it's odd that the generated names don't update for every step.
"The MLP (multilayer perceptron) is a two-layer feed-forward network: project up to 64 dimensions, apply ReLU (zero out negatives), project back to 16"
Which starts to feel pretty owly indeed.
I think the whole thing could be expanded to cover some more of it in greater depth.
"How wrong was the prediction? We need a single number that captures "the model thought the correct answer was unlikely." If the model assigns probability 0.9 to the correct next token, the loss is low (0.1). If it assigns probability 0.01, the loss is high (4.6). The formula is − log ( � ) −log(p) where � p is the probability the model assigned to the correct token. This is called cross-entropy loss."
For a long time, it seemed the answer was it doesn't. But now, using Claude code daily, it seems it does.
An enormous amount of research+eng work (most of the work of frontier labs) is being poured into making that 'correct' modifier happen, rather than just predicting the next token from 'the internet' (naive original training corpus). This work takes the form of improved training data (e.g. expert annotations), human-feedback finetuning (e.g. RLHF), and most recently reinforcement learning (e.g. RLVR, meaning RL with verifiable rewards), where the model is trained to find the correct answer to a problem without 'token-level guidance'. RL for LLMs is a very hot research area and very tricky to solve correctly.
If I were to describe this to a nontechnical person, I would say:
LLMs are big stacks of layers of "understanders" that each teach the next guy something.
Imagine you are making a large language model that has 4 layers. Each layer will talk to it's immediate neighbor.
The first layer will get the bare minimum, in the LLM's of today, that's groups of letters that are common to come up together, called "tokens". This layer will try to derive a bit of meaning to tell the next layer, such as grouping of letters into words.
The next layer may be a little bit more semantic, for example interpreting that the word "hot" immediately followed by the word "dog" maps to a phrase "hot dog".
The layer after that, becoming a bit more intelligent given it's predecessors have already had some chances at smaller interpretations may now try to group words into bigger blobs, such as "i want a hot dog" as one combined phrase rather than a set of separated concepts.
The final layer may do something even more intelligent afterward, like realize that this is a quote in a book.
The point is that each layer tries to add a little meaning for the next layer.
I want to stress this: the layers do not actually correspond to specific concepts the way I just expressed, the point is that each layer adds a bit more "semantic meaning" for the next layer.
Microgpt
https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47202708